Social Studies Review: Chapter 9- The Era of Thomas Jefferson

Section One: Jefferson Takes Office
-Thomas Jefferson, a Republican is inaugurated March 4, 1801. He believed in laissez faire, meaning government should not interfere with the economy.
-Jefferson wanted to reduce federal government's power, so first, he fired government workers. Then he shrunk the military, eliminated the U.S.'s taxes (except import taxes), and realeased those imprisoned under the Sedition Act.
-Federalist judge William Marbury sued Thomas Jefferson's secretary of state, James Madison, for ceasing his appointment, citing the Judiciary Act of 1789. The Supreme Court ruled that the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional and they could not help Marbury gain his commission.

Section Two: The Louisiana Purchase
-In 1795, the United States negotiated Pickney Treaty with Spain to guarentee U.S.'s rights to ship goods to New Orleans down the Mississippi. Until 1801, when Spain secretly gave France New Orleans and the rest of the Louisiana Territory, U.S. shipped down the Mississippi peacefully.
-When Spain withdrew America's right to ship thorugh New Orleans, Jefferson sent Monroe to make a deal with France to buy New Orleans. Realizing France needed money to support the war with Britain effort, Napoleon Bonaparte sold not only New Orleans, but the whole Louisiana Territory for $15 million, or about 4 cents an acre.
-In January 1803, Jefferson convinced Congress to spend $2,5oo for a group to explore West before more settlers went over there. Jefferson chose an army captain, Meriwether Lewis, and his friend, William Clark, to explore and lead the expedition of 40 men and come back with a detailed report.

Section Three: A Time of Conflict
- Pirates from the Barbary States raided ships taking goods from America to Europe, taking property and enslaving sailors. To stop this, Jefferson sent warships to the Mediterranean to protect the ships, many of which were still captured until American troops marched and captured Tripoli.
-When Britain and France continue fighting, American ships were seized by both countries, challenging America's neutrality. Jefferson finally passed an embargo in 1807 to stop trading with any foreign countries, but America lost a lot of money.
- After 1805, Tecomseh and his brother urged Native American resistance of western settlement. At the Battle of Tippecanoe, William Henry Harrison and his soldiers defeated the Native Americans, who continued to struggle.

Section Four: The War of 1812
- In the beginning of the war, America lost many battles with the mere 7,000 men and 16 warships. The British had blockaded many of the U.S. ports, so we could not ship goods out, or receive them!
- The British captured 2,000 soldiers under William Hull, but they were defeated by the U.S. at Put-In-Bay with Oliver Hazard Perry. The Creek warriors were also defeated in the south by Andrew Jackson at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
- After the British attacked Washington D.C. and Baltimore, they had become tired of war, so on Christmas Eve 1814, America and Britain signed the Treaty of Ghent in Ghent, Belgium. The treaty returned foreign relations back to "normal".